It was through his works that he offered the principle later termed ‘Occam’s Razor’, arguing for explanations that require the least number of hypotheses. In logic, he penned down the ‘Sum of Logic’, a work in which he proposed the use of new concepts in logic as well as a new logical system. His undeclared aim is far more ambitious. He actively advocated a nominalist philosophy, putting the individual at the center of all experience and regarding all universals as mere mental concepts. O CKHAM’s Summa logicae (The Logic Handbook), written ca.1323, is a manifesto masquerading as a textbook.1Its aim, Ockham disingenuously declares in his Preface, is merely to help beginning students in theology avoid elementary diculties in logic. Ockham firmly believed that faith and private revelation were crucial for an individual to be able to reach the truth. William died in 1347 and his ex-communication was lifted by Pope Innocent VI in 1359. The dispute with the Papacy also led him to put more trust in the temporal monarchs, arguing in his subsequent treatises that the emperor should have full control over the church and the state in the Holy Roman Empire.įollowing his flight from Avignon, William had been excommunicated. While living in exile from the Papacy, William defended his views in writing and criticised the views of John XXII as heretical. As a result, William fled the proceedings of the papal court in Avignon in 1328 and sought refuge in the court of Louis IV of Bavaria, Holy Roman Emperor at the time. Since Franciscans, including William, avidly believed in apostolic poverty while Pope John XXII at the time disapproved of it, the issue put the leading Franciscans at odds with the Papacy. He then had to appear before a papal court to defend the commentary.Ī more troublesome conflict with Church authorities came in 1327 when William was once again summoned to a papal court and was embroiled in a debate about apostolic poverty. However, his commentary didn’t find approval with the Church authorities and was deemed unorthodox. Disputes with the Church and PapacyĪround 1324, William penned down a commentary on the ‘Sentences’ of Peter Lombard. This means that although he became a teacher at the university, his title continued to be that of a student. He further studied theology at the University of Oxford where he continued to study until 1321.Īlthough he completed all prerequisites of a master’s degree at the university, he was given the title of an Inceptor rather than a Regent Master. It was as a part of the Order that he was able to have access to a vast body of literature, both philosophical and theological. Thom P (2003) Medieval modal systems.William of Ockham was born in 1285 and he became a part of the Franciscan order of friars are a very young age. Read S (1977) The objective being of Ockham’s ficta. available at ockham.pdf 95 Recall Ockham's. St Bonaventure: Franciscan Institute Publications In sum, if it has been established that, in a given proposition, a term can have. In: Boehner P, Gál G, Brown S (eds) Opera philosophica, vol I. Franciscan Institute Publications: St Bonaventure de Ockham) (1979) Scriptum in librum primum sententiarum ordinatio, distinctiones XIX–XLVIII, In: Etzkorn G, Kelley F (eds) Opera theologica, vol IV. Franciscan Institute Publications, St Bonaventure In: Gál G (ed) Opera philosophica, vol II. de Ockham) (1978) Expositio in librum praedicamentorum Aristotelis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–16 In: Spade PV (ed) The Cambridge companion to Ockham. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp ix–xvii In: Lewis DK Philosophical papers, vol II. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 102–162 In: Kretzmann N, Stump E (eds) The Cambridge translations of medieval philosophical texts, vol I. Lambert of Lagny (Lambert of Auxerre) (1988) Properties of terms. Karger E (1976) A study in William of Ockham’s modal logic, Ph.D. Maclachlan Stewart, Edinburgh, pp 804–815 But the discipline of modern logic began with. In: Hamilton W (ed) The works of Thomas Reid DD. Aristotle formulated his syllogisms in antiquity, and William of Ockham studied logic in the middle ages. Hamilton W (1846) Of presentative and representative knowledge. Geach PT (1972) ‘History of the corruptions of logic’, in his Logic matters. Yale University Press, New Haven and LondonĬampbell K (1990) Abstract particulars. Fran Stud 32:15–64īurley W (2000) On the purity of the art of logic, tr. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dameīrown SF (1972) Walter Burleigh’s treatise De suppositionibus and its influence on William of Ockham.
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